Ethnic minority women facing ‘double discrimination’ in the criminal justice system
Posted on | February 5, 2010 | 1 Comment
Ethnic minority women facing ‘double discrimination’ in the Criminal Justice System, finds new report
A new report published by the Fawcett Society reveals how the needs of ethnic minority women are frequently rendered invisible in the Criminal Justice System as offenders, victims and workers in the justice sector, as they face double discrimination on the grounds of sex and race.
- Ethnic minority women, particularly foreign national women, are over-represented within the female offender population with nearly one third of women in prison in England from an ethnic minority background.
- Ethnic minority women are under-represented as workers within the criminal justice system particularly at senior levels. There is only one ethnic minority woman in the senior judiciary and only 0.2 percent of police officers at Chief Inspector grade and above are ethnic minority women.
- The needs of ethnic minority women who experience violence are frequently overlooked – nine out of ten local authorities have no specialist services for ethnic minority women who have experienced violence.
- Evidence on ethnic minority women’s experiences continues to be patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of reliable statistics giving the full picture of the intersection of race and gender, let alone the experiences of women from different ethnic minority backgrounds.
- On many issues, such as ethnic minority women’s experience of sexual violence or the health needs of women offenders, there is a complete dearth of evidence, pointing to low prioritising of these women’s needs and experiences.
Commenting on the report, Sharon Smee, Justice Policy Officer at the Fawcett Society, said: “More than ten years on from the Stephen Lawrence enquiry and over five years since the appointment of the first ethnic minority female high court judge, the criminal justice system is still failing to respond to the realities of ethnic minority women’s lives. This is compounded by the limited number of ethnic minority women in senior positions in the justice sector.
“We need a justice system which is representative and responsive to the needs and experiences of all people in the UK and which draws on the talents of all women. It is time to listen to ethnic minority women and learn from their experiences and the best practice initiatives already in operation.”
Ceri Goddard, Chief Executive of the Fawcett Society, said:
“The Criminal Justice System continues to fail to consider the specific needs and skills of ethnic minority women. Whereas previous policies have targeted ‘women’ and ‘race,’ there has been little focus on the multiple discrimination faced by ethnic minority women, who have tended to fall between the gaps.
“Progress for ethnic minority victims of violence has also been frustratingly slow: nine out of ten local authorities still have no specialised ethnic minority service for women who have experienced domestic and sexual violence.
“This report demonstrates how important it is more broadly for equality law not to ‘box’ individuals into categories but to recognise the multiple discrimination which is often at play. The dual discrimination provision in the Equality Bill currently before parliament is crucial in this regard.
“Fawcett’s election campaign will be asking the parties how they will be addressing multiple discrimination in the justice system and within equality policy more generally.”
Key Statistics
Women offenders
- 29 percent of the female prison population is made up of ethnic minority women.
- 19 percent of female prisoners were foreign nationals in 2009.
- 26 percent of ethnic minority women reported victimisation by prison staff compared to 16 percent of white women.
- Ethnic minority women are more likely to be remanded into custody than white offenders.
Women Workers
- As of March 2009, only 0.2 percent of police officers at Chief inspector grade and above were ethnic minority women.
- At the end of 2008, ethnic minority women made up only 3.8 percent of the total number of self-employed barristers.
- Women working in private practice earned 28.9 percent less than men in 2008. This gap appeared unaffected by ethnic background.
- There is only one ethnic minority female High Court judge and none in the Court of Appeal or Supreme Court.
- There are 36 ethnic minority women judges as compared to 700 female judges and 2901 male judges. Ethnic minority women therefore make up just 1 percent of judges.
- Only 7 percent of women working in the prison service are from an ethnic minority background.
Female victims and survivors of violence
- Nine out of ten local authorities have no specialist ethnic minority service for women who have experienced violence.
- 1 in 4 ethnic minority women experience domestic violence during their lifetime.
- In 2008 the Forced Marriage Unit had over 1,600 reported cases of forced marriage.
- It has been estimated that nearly 66,000 women with female genital mutilation (FGM) were living in the UK in 2001, and over 20,000 girls could currently be at risk.
- 30 percent of gun crime victims are young females, compared to 2-5 percent of these crimes having female suspects.
- The cost to society of violence against ethnic minority women has been estimated to be at least £1.5 billion.
winds of change in t&t politics
Posted on | January 26, 2010 | No Comments
When the United States electorate confirmed Barack Obama as President, many saw it as the physical embodiment of a dream of African Americans becoming a reality.
The election of Kamla Persad- Bissessar in Trinidad and Tobago yesterday, may well be heralded in similar terms, but this time, as the fulfillment of the dreams of women of East Indian descent.
Kamla hasn’t been elected as Prime Minister of T&T. She was elected as leader of the United National Congress, an East Indian dominated opposition party that has only ever been in power once in the past20 years.
But Kamla’s election is being rightly heralded as a major turning point in the politics of Trinidad and Tobago, and quite possibly the region.
The East Indian woman, even in today’s supposed liberal Trinidad and Tobago, is still largely subservient; subservient to men and cultural norms and practices in the society. Indeed, Kamla was accused of ‘biting the hand that fed her’ during the campaign when she successfully challenged the ageing and out of touch political leader Basdeo Panday. It is hugely significant that a large chunk of her campaigning had to be devoted to convincing her own party members that challenging for the leadership was not akin to stabbing Panday in the back.
Kamla’s election also meant the second (or is that third?) successful attempt to see off Ramesh Lawrence Maharaj, who was also contesting the post of party leader. A self proclaimed human rights lawyer, Maharaj has the dubious honour of being the Attorney General in the T&T government that hanged nine men over 3 days.
Politically, Kamla’s election as party leader, and hopefully Leader of the Opposition if Panday can be convinced to loosen his grip, is the biggest threat to the current Patrick Manning regime which has been drawing more and more comparisons to a soft dictatorship in recent years. The population has been crying out for an alternative and it is likely that Kamla, if she can maintain her momentum, can easily become the first female Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister. This would not only be a huge boost to East Indian women in Trinidad, but to women across the region who have been woefully neglected, barring one or two exceptions, from positions of power in the Caribbean.
United Haitians in the UK appeal
Posted on | January 19, 2010 | 2 Comments
United Haitians In The UK is a charity with the goal to make a positive contribution in the development of Haiti, and to keep the Haitian culture alive in the United Kingdom. They financially support worthwhile, non-governmental, and sustainable educational projects throughout Haiti with an emphasis on children’s school fees, uniforms and supplies.
Black History Studies and other organisations in our community are fully behind UHUK’s efforts to provide support to our brothers and sisters in Haiti following the recent devastating earthquake. They will not spend your money on administration but on their own people. Their goal is to ensure that they are able to support themselves.e to support themselve.
For more info on this organisation and its ON GOING efforts in HAITI, please go to their website http://www.uhuk. org
Please donate items such as wind up torches, medications (first aid equipment), tents, sleeping bags, clothes, dry and canned foods, sterilising water tablets and MONEY.
DROP OFF POINTS (correct at the time of posting, please contact each venue individually) :
NORTH LONDON:
CHESTNUT COMMUNITY CENTRE, ST. ANN’S ROAD (OFF SEVEN SISTERS), TOTTENHAM.
MON- FRI
9am – 9pm
Call 07852 937 981
Alternatively: THE HUT 379 SEVEN SISTERS ROAD N15 6SE
MON- WED (FOR TWO WEEKS ONLY)
10am to 4pm
SOUTH LONDON:
MON-SAT
10am-6pm
Unit 6 Farrell Court,
Elephant Road,
London
SE17 1LB
EAST LONDON:
@Voice Of Africa Radio
24 Swete Street
(Off Plaistow High St)
Plaistow E13 OBS
TEL: 0208 471 9111
WEST LONDON:
DJED Cultural Bookstore situated @ Adelaide Grove, Shepherds Bush (off Uxbridge Road)
10-8pm
Clothes, medical supplies, sheets, tents, sleeping bags, dry foods, barrels please. The aim is to send three barrels at a time, we need people with unused barrels so if anyone has any, please call 07957 919 877.
Fundraising Event on Friday 22nd January 2010
United Haitians In The UK (www.uhuk.com ) in conjunction with Sun Bailante (www.sunbailante. com) invite all to their first Fundraising Event to raise much needed funds for our brothers and sisters who’s lives have been devastated by the January 12th Earthquake.
For this special night the energetic ‘Ziloka’ band will perform live Gwoka, traditional music of the African Diaspora. Their unique drumming and dancing will transport you to the heart to the French Caribbean. Later Frenglish Connexion will set the stage in alight with their blend of Hip-Hop, Reggae and Soul. They have recently played to support Bennie Man, Admiral T and Saïn Supa Crew.
The Sun Bailante DJ’s will make it tropical mixing the hottest Haitian, Latin, African and Global sounds including hip-shaking Kompa, Zouk, Dancehall, Soca, Salsa, Reggeaton, Coupe Decale, Kizomba and Latin house.
Doors open from 9pm to 3am and the entrance is £10 on the door all night. Please note that ONE HUNDRED PERCENT of the proceeds from this event will go to shipping medical supplies, clothes and other provisions to our Haiti as well as re-building schools in the country.
Entering through a discreet entrance behind Angel tube station you will enter a secret world hidden in a Victorian warehouse home to art exhibitions, concerts and various private parties the latest one held by the film director Spike Lee.
For more info on the event please email sunbailante@ gmail.com
For more info on the charity and fund raising please email info@uhuk.org
Please make sure this event is packed-out by sharing this information with everyone you know.
Sorry Mr. Denham, race hasn’t gone away
Posted on | January 17, 2010 | 2 Comments
I’ve hesitated on commenting on John Denham’s comments as I was keen to see the type of reaction he would provoke.
Most responses have focused on his assertion of the need to focus on class, and other social factors. Race, it seems, isn’t that important anymore.
The Daily Telegraph reported: “It is no longer enough to make simple judgments or assumptions which equate race with disadvantage,” he said.
“That would overlook, for example, the striking achievements of Indian and Chinese students – but it would also overlook the fact that white working class boys are struggling to keep up.”
The argument that white working class boys have become the new generation of y0ung West Indian boys, underachieving in school, is already well documented.
My concern is that whilst we should never make simple judgments linking race and disadvantage, it would be just as dangerous to assume that success equals no disadvantage or racism.
It would be easy to point to the successful Asian businessman, or African chief exec, or West Indian departmental head, and assume that their success has placed them in a position where they no longer experience disadvantage because of their race. Many people from BME communities can point to personal experiences where they thought they had transcended the racial barrier, only to be brought crashing down when it came to career progression or even social acceptance.
Race and racism hasn’t gone away. It remains a problem for BME communities and continues to demand, nay need, legislative and government policy attention.
A christian response?
Posted on | January 14, 2010 | 1 Comment
After yesterday’s post, it seems almost crazy to post this..but still, thought stupidity should be shared:
Haiti, I’m sorry
Posted on | January 13, 2010 | 4 Comments
I’ve always been fascinated by Haiti.
The haunting lyrics of calypsonian David Rudder’s Haiti sent a shudder down my spine when I first heard it in 1988:
‘Toussaint was a mighty man, and to make matters worse, he was black; back in the days when black men knew their place was in the back; but this rebel, he walked through Napoleon who thought it wasn’t very nice; and so today, my brothers in Haiti; they still pay the price…Haiti, I’m sorry; we misunderstood you…’
Then I read The Black Jacobins by CLR James and was struck by the proud history of this nation- the only successful slave revolt in history, Haiti’s history has influenced, and reshaped post colonial thinking, moving Africans and their descendants from being mere objects, to passionate heroes, taking action for themselves.
And it is against this backdrop that Haiti’s suffering is even more acutely felt.
The country is today usually described as the poorest in the Western Hemisphere; a failed state; and so on.
But let us not forget that Haiti was made to compensate France and its slaveholders for losing ‘their slaves’ to the tune of 150 million francs.
From its outset, Haiti has been on the backfoot.
Economic desperation drives corruption. Add blacklisting by Western powers, and you can see that Haiti was never really given a chance to succeed. Even Haiti’s english speaking neighbours in the Caribbean have been divided on how to accept the state.
Discrimination against Haitians in the Caribbean is rife- many being forced to live and work illegally in the other islands.
Added to all of this is the impact of natural disasters- so frequent recently.
The devastating earthquake on Tuesday has left hundreds dead and missing. There are a number of organisations trying to help:
http://www.yele.org/
http://www.msf.org.uk/Articledetail.aspx?fId=haiti_earthquake_20100113&gclid=CPLL6O28oZ8CFUQA4wodx0iCIA
http://www.christianaid.org.uk/emergencies/current/haiti-earthquake-appeal/index.aspx?gclid=CKSv6YG9oZ8CFY8A4wodjDsmJw
Please do your bit to help .
A very worthy cause
Posted on | January 12, 2010 | No Comments
VCF
Final memorial event to mark Victoria Climbié’s 10 year anniversary
VCF, the Victoria Climbié Foundation, is to hold a final memorial event to mark the 10 year anniversary of the death of Victoria Adjo Climbié.
February 2010 marks the 10th anniversary of the death of Victoria Climbié in 2000. Had she lived, Victoria would now be 18.
VCF is planning a rolling programme of activities and events throughout the year under the theme ‘The Way Forward’, to highlight the achievements of the organisation and challenges 10 years on.
A memorial event is to take place at Parliament on 25 February.
Since the public inquiry and report by Lord Laming in 2003, the Foundation has continued to campaign for improvements in child protection policies and practices, and to ensure effective links and coordination between statutory agencies and the community.
VCF has been at the forefront of child safeguarding, leading calls since May 2008 for a review of the child protection system and its implementation of the reforms at operational level. The need for this review was tragically highlighted following the death of Peter Connelly, known as Baby P.
The legacy of Victoria Climbié was the promise of a school in her memory in the Climbié family’s home town of Abobo, a suburb of the Ivory Coast capital Abidjan. The Victoria Climbié School opened its doors to the first pupils on 6 October 2009 and will ultimately be attended by up to 360 children.
In delivering ‘The Way Forward’? a series of events aimed at bridging the gap between health and children’s social care? VCF hopes to move towards a safer future for all children with a child protection framework that fully supports professionals to carry out the work that they have been entrusted to do;
to truly lean the lessons of the past; and to work together for a better future where everyone really can help to safeguard and protect the rights of our children.
Mor Dioum, Director of the Victoria Climbié Foundation UK said:
“Victoria’s death demanded root and branch changes to the child protection system. 10 years on, we’ve seen significant changes in policies and practice which have radically re?shaped child protection in this country.
On this landmark anniversary, we continue to remember Victoria. However, the time has come to move beyond a memorial and truly put her legacy into practice. VCF is determined to take its work forward as there remains a lot to be done around implementation.
We intend to continue to be a campaigning voice to make the safeguarding of children a priority.”
I tip my hat…
Posted on | January 10, 2010 | No Comments
Definitely worth reposting here:
African-American Golf Pioneer Bill Powell Dies at 93
New York Times
By RICHARD GOLDSTEIN
Published: January 1, 2010
Bill Powell, who was honored last summer as a racial pioneer in American golf more than 60 years after building a golf course while he was shunned by the sport he loved, died Thursday at a hospital in Canton, Ohio. He was 93.
The cause was complications from a stroke, the P.G.A. of America said.
In August 2009, when the P.G.A. of America held the 91st annual P.G.A. Championship in the Minneapolis area, it bestowed its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Award, on Mr. Powell.
According to the organization, Mr. Powell was the only African-American to build, own and operate a golf course in the United States.
When he returned to the Canton, Ohio, area from England in 1946 after serving in the Army Air Forces, Mr. Powell, a passionate golfer since caddying at age 9, was denied a chance to play on public courses. When he tried to get a bank loan to build his own course, he was rejected.
Jackie Robinson’s breaking of the color barrier in major league baseball was still a year away. The nation’s golf courses, like much of America, remained segregated. And the P.G.A. of America’s bylaws barred nonwhites from membership, a ban that remained in effect until 1961.
But Mr.. Powell, a security guard for the Timken bearing and steel company in Canton, was undaunted.
“It’s distasteful when you get turned down,” he told The New York Times in 2009. “You have a little pride. You say the hell with them. You say I’m not going to badger. I’m not going to beg them. So I said I’ll just build a golf course.”
And so he did.
With financial help from two black physicians and a loan from a brother, Mr. Powell bought 78 acres on a dairy farm in East Canton.
Doing most of the labor by hand, helped by his wife, Marcella, Mr. Powell seeded pastures, tossed aside boulders and pulled up fence posts. In April 1948, what he called “this crazy dream” came true. He opened Clearview Golf Club with an initial nine holes and welcomed players of all races.
There were incidents of vandalism in the course’s early years — flag sticks were removed and ethnic slurs scrawled — but the course flourished, and Mr. Powell expanded it to 18 holes in 1978, having bought a total of 130 acres. The Department of the Interior designated Clearview as a national historic site in 2001.
“He was just obsessed,” Mr. Powell’s son, Larry, the Clearview course superintendent, told ABC’s “Good Morning America” in 2009. “He put all his efforts mentally, emotionally and physically into accomplishing his goal.”
When Mr. Powell, bent by age, was honored by the P.G.A. of America, he received congratulations from President Obama and former President George H. W. Bush. And he was accorded four standing ovations by the audience of more than 600 at the Pantages Theater in Minneapolis.
Seated in a large leather chair, he read an acceptance speech that his daughter, Renee, a pioneering figure in women’s pro golf, helped him craft. In it, he explained why he had built Clearview. “I did not want other people who wanted to play the game of golf to have to suffer the indignities that I had,” he said.
He closed with his credo: “Stand firm. Never give up. Never give in. Believe in yourself, even when others don’t.”
William James Powell was born in Greenville, Ala., then moved with his family to Minerva, Ohio, some 20 miles from Canton, as a youngster. He played golf and football in high school and attended Wilberforce University in Ohio, a historically black school, where he was a member of the golf squad.
With few decent job openings for blacks, Mr. Powell was hired at Timken as a janitor, but a few months later he became the company’s first black security guard. Returning to Timken after the war, he worked nights to support his family while building his golf course.
When Renee was 3 years old, Mr. Powell designed a miniature golf club and gave her lessons at Clearview. In 1967, Renee Powell became the second black woman, after Althea Gibson, to play on the Ladies Professional Golf Association Tour. She competed on the tour until 1980 and is now the head pro at Clearview.
In an e-mail message, Renee said of her father, “Early on we found that we had to share him with the world and what a gift he was!” In addition to his son and daughter, Mr. Powell, who lived in East Canton, is survived by twin sisters, Mary Alice Walker, of Akron, Ohio, and Rose Marie Mathews, of Minerva. His wife died in 1996.
The National Golf Foundation presented its Jack Nicklaus Golf Family of the Year Award to the Powells in 1992.
But Mr. Powell cherished a tribute beyond the spotlight as well. In 1997, as he told The Akron Beacon Journal, he was thrilled when two white women drove from Atlanta just to play his course.
“They shook my hand and thanked me,” he said. “They said I have a piece of history here, and they wanted to be a part of it. Can you imagine?”
Lots of fun down under
Posted on | January 9, 2010 | 2 Comments
Australia is in the news yet again for a race related story- this time over fried chicken.
KFC has pulled a controversial advert from down under after complaints that it was racist.The ad features a white Australian cricket fan looking exasperated as black supporters- supposedly West Indian- are loudly cheering. The white fan asks aloud how to get out of an “awkward situation.” He then whips out a bucket of KFC chicken, and the black fans greedily stuff their faces.
The white guy then says: “Too easy.”
The racist stereotype of black people and fried chicken is pretty well known.
Some people, outraged at the outrage, have defended the international corporation, arguing that if it was Australia playing England, the ad would have shown the Barmy Army stuffing their faces. Somehow I just don’t see that happening. The ad works because it plays to the stereotype of black people loving fried chicken. In order to work in a Barmy Army context, it would need to be promoting tea, or some other English stereotype.
At the end of 2009, it was predicted that Australia would see a 20% drop in the number of Indian students choosing to study there, following perceived racist attacks. The Australian economy is expeced to lose about $70m (44m) in revenue.
And if that wasn’t enough,who could forget Harry Connick Jr speaking out against racist stereotyping in October 2009 on a highly rated Australian TV show.
On the judging panel for Hey Hey It’s Saturday, he was forced to endure an act by the ‘Jackson Jive’—six dancing white men in blackface.
Connick was less than amused, giving them a zero out of ten.
Host Daryl Somers apologized later in the show, noting “I know that to your countrymen, that’s an insult to have a blackface routine like that on the show.” Connick responded, “I just wanted to say on behalf of my country, I know it was done humorously, but we’ve spent so much time trying to not make black people look like buffoons, that when we see something like that, we take it really to heart. I know it was in good fun, and the last thing I want to do is take this show to a down level—because you know how much I love this show and this country—but I feel like I’m at home here, and if I knew that was going to be part of the show, I probably—I definitely wouldn’t have done it.”
Looks like it’s all fun down in Oz.
70 million because of migrants?
Posted on | January 9, 2010 | 1 Comment
This BBC headline caught my eye: MPs urge ‘70m population cap’ in party manifestos.
Turns out the piece isn’t about plans to introduce compulsory sterilisation when the British population nears 70 million, but rather outrage at non European immigration.
Using some rather alarmist language from the Balanced Migration Group, the piece asserts that Britain has: ‘lost control of its borders,’ and that mass immigration from outside of Europe threatens our quality of life.
The group has reportedly called on the main parties to introduce a pledge to stop the population reaching 70 million.
Just how they are meant to do that is not quite clear. Despite evidence that net migration fell in 2008, the group claims that the population is gravely concerned about immigration. Well, some parts of the population may be concerned, but the official figures simply don’t add up.
What really peeves me about pieces like this, however, is the fact that it treats EU and non EU migration as one and the same. The UK can do little to stop EU migrants coming and settling here. So this ‘concern’ about migration, isn’t about our French, Spanish, and Dutch neighbours, but rather our African, Asian, Caribbean, Australian, American, Canadian and other non EU settlers.
It’s important to make the distinction because when many people in the UK think about migrants, they think of African and Asian people, rather than French, Spanish and other Europeans.
Ok, so the distinction has been made; then what?
Well, making that distinction clear in the debate and discussions around immigration will help many of the settled BME migrants to understand just why it has become more difficult for Aunty Merle and cousin Indrani to get entry visas to visit or study in the UK.
Knowing that information would help many to challenge any such manifesto pledge.
Here’s the original BBC piece:
A cross-party group of MPs and peers have called on the main parties to make a manifesto pledge not to allow the UK’s population to exceed 70 million.
Former minister Frank Field is among those arguing current immigration rates, unless restricted, will impact on public services and quality of life.
The Balanced Migration Group said the BNP continued to exploit the issue.
Labour says its points-based migration system is working but the Tories want an annual cap on incoming workers.
All the main parties are sceptical about setting population targets which they believe is unrealistic and counter-productive.
Last year the Office for National Statistics said if current trends continued, the UK population would rise by 10 million to more than 71.6 million by 2033 – the fastest rise in a century.
Two-thirds of that increase would be caused, directly or indirectly, by migration to the UK, it suggested.
‘Social harmony’
Nearly 20 parliamentarians, including five Labour MPs and 10 Conservative MPs, are backing a campaign calling for curbs on immigration entitled “70 million is too many”.
Current levels of immigration into the UK were “unprecedented”, it said, and threatened the “future harmony of our society”.
“Poll after poll shows the public to be deeply concerned about immigration and its impact on our population,” Mr Field and Tory MP Nicholas Soames, the group’s co-chairmen, said.
 |
 It is time parties turned their rhetoric into reality by making manifesto commitments to prevent our population reaching 70 million by 2029  Nicholas Soames MP
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“It is time parties turned their rhetoric into reality by making manifesto commitments to prevent our population reaching 70 million by 2029.”
For a start, they argue, the government must “restore control” over the UK’s borders and “break the present almost automatic link between coming to Britain and later gaining citizenship”.
Cabinet ministers have tried to do more to address public concerns about immigration, saying the issue must not become the preserve of the BNP.
In a speech in November Mr Brown promised to “tighten” the UK’s immigration rules by reducing the number of professions which can recruit from outside Europe while making it harder for illegal workers to enter the UK by obtaining student visas.
70m ‘unlikely’
He said new restrictions were having an effect, adding the 70 million projection was unlikely to materialise.
The Conservatives have said they would keep the government’s points-based system but place an overall annual limit on numbers and try to attract more highly qualified migrants.
The Lib Dems say they would ensure migrants were directed to parts of the country where they are most needed, where they will be welcomed and there are the resources to accommodate them.
Net migration – the number of people who come to live in Britain minus those who leave – fell by more than a third in 2008 but critics say this was driven by eastern Europeans returning home and immigration levels must fall to levels of the early 1990s.
Official estimates that the UK population will pass 70 million by 2025 were based on a forward projection of the 2007 net migration figure and this is likely to be revised downwards in light of the 2008 figures.
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